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Fencer Vulns
low 3.7

CVE-2024-21085 json

Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: Concurrency).

published 2024-04-16 2 y ago modified 2026-09-08 2 mo ago also BIT-java-2024-21085 , BIT-java-min-2024-21085 , BIT-jre-2024-21085 , EUVD-2024-18799

cvss
3.7
version 3.1, CNA
cisa kev
Not listed
not in CISA's catalog
epss
1.3%
EPSS 1.3% chance of exploitation in 30 days, percentile 70%
public exploits
0
none known

Summary

Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: Concurrency). Supported versions that are affected are Oracle Java SE: 8u401, 8u401-perf, 11.0.22; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 20.3.13 and 21.3.9. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a partial denial of service (partial DOS) of Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Note: This vulnerability can be exploited by using APIs in the specified Component, e.g., through a web service which supplies data to the APIs. This vulnerability also applies to Java deployments, typically in clients running sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, that load and run untrusted code (e.g., code that comes from the internet) and rely on the Java sandbox for security. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 3.7 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L).

Patch / fix

  • bitnami java 1.8.0, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • bitnami java-min 1.8.0, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • bitnami jre 1.8.0, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • oracle graalvm_enterprise 20.3.14, 21.3.10
  • oracle java_se 1.8.0_411, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • oracle jdk 1.8.0_411, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • oracle jre 1.8.0_411, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • sun java 1.8.0_411, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • sun java_se 1.8.0_411, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • sun jdk 1.8.0_411, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • sun jre 1.8.0_411, 8.0.411, 11.0.23
  • oracle openjdk 1.8.0_412, 8.0.412, 11.0.23
  • sun openjdk 1.8.0_412, 8.0.412, 11.0.23
  • openjdk-11 Debian 11 11.0.23+9-1~deb11u1

debian advisories DEBIAN-CVE-2024-21085

  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu 20.04 LTS 8u412-ga-1~20.04.1
  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS 8u412-ga-1~22.04.1
  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu 24.04 LTS 8u412-ga-1~24.04.2
  • openjdk-lts Ubuntu 20.04 LTS 11.0.23+9-1ubuntu1~20.04.2
  • openjdk-lts Ubuntu 22.04 LTS 11.0.23+9-1ubuntu1~22.04.1
  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS 8u432-ga~us1-0ubuntu2~16.04.4
  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS 8u412-ga-1~18.04.1
  • openjdk-lts Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS 11.0.23+9-1ubuntu1~18.04.1

ubuntu advisories UBUNTU-CVE-2024-21085

Ubuntu security data © Canonical Ltd., from https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-security-notices via OSV; changed: normalised to fixed package versions per release. CC BY-SA 4.0

  • java-11-openjdk RHEL 8.8 EUS, RHEL 8 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el8
  • java-11-openjdk RHEL 9.2 EUS, RHEL 9 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el9
  • java-11-openjdk-src RHEL 8.8 EUS, RHEL 8 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el8
  • java-11-openjdk-src RHEL 9.2 EUS, RHEL 9 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el9
  • java-11-openjdk RHEL 7 1:11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9
  • java-11-openjdk-src RHEL 7 1:11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9
  • java-11-openjdk-demo RHEL 7 1:11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9
  • java-11-openjdk-jmods RHEL 7 1:11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9

red hat advisories RHSA-2024:1822RHSA-2024:1821RHSA-2024:1818RHSA-2024:1817

  • java-11-openjdk SLE Module for Package Hub 15 SP6, SLE Module for Package Hub 15 SP5, SLE Module for Legacy 15 SP6 +16 more 11.0.23.0-150000.3.113.1
  • java-1_8_0-ibm SLES for SAP 15 SP4, SLES for SAP 15 SP3, SLES for SAP 15 SP2 +11 more 1.8.0_sr8.25-150000.3.89.1
  • java-1_8_0-ibm SLES for SAP 12 SP5, SLES 12 SP5, SLE Software Development Kit 12 SP5 1.8.0_sr8.25-30.123.1
  • java-1_8_0-openj9 SLE Module for Package Hub 15 SP6, SLE Module for Package Hub 15 SP5, openSUSE Leap 15.6 +1 more 1.8.0.412-150200.3.45.2
  • java-11-openjdk SLES for SAP 12 SP5, SLES 12 SP5 11.0.23.0-3.75.1
  • java-1_8_0-openjdk SLES for SAP 15 SP4, SLES for SAP 15 SP3, SLES for SAP 15 SP2 +9 more 1.8.0.412-150000.3.91.1
  • java-1_8_0-openjdk SLES for SAP 12 SP5, SLES 12 SP5 1.8.0.412-27.99.1

suse advisories SUSE-SU-2024:1498-2SUSE-SU-2024:1859-1SUSE-SU-2024:1845-1SUSE-SU-2024:1793-1SUSE-SU-2024:1498-1SUSE-SU-2024:1452-1

  • java-11-openj9 Package Hub 15 SP6, openSUSE Leap 15.6 11.0.26.0-bp156.4.3.1
  • java-11-openjdk openSUSE Tumbleweed 11.0.23.0-1.1
  • java-1_8_0-openjdk openSUSE Tumbleweed 1.8.0.412-1.1
  • java-1_8_0-openj9 openSUSE Tumbleweed 1.8.0.412-1.1

opensuse advisories openSUSE-SU-2025:0066-1openSUSE-SU-2024:13871-1openSUSE-SU-2024:13879-1openSUSE-SU-2024:13997-1

  • java-11-openjdk AlmaLinux 8 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el8
  • java-11-openjdk AlmaLinux 9 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el9
  • java-11-openjdk-src AlmaLinux 8 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el8
  • java-11-openjdk-src AlmaLinux 9 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el9
  • java-11-openjdk-demo AlmaLinux 8 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el8
  • java-11-openjdk-demo AlmaLinux 9 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el9
  • java-11-openjdk-jmods AlmaLinux 8 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el8
  • java-11-openjdk-jmods AlmaLinux 9 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el9

almalinux advisories ALSA-2024:1822ALSA-2024:1818

  • java-1.8.0-openjdk Rocky Linux 8 1:1.8.0.412.b08-2.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk Rocky Linux 9 1:1.8.0.412.b08-2.el9
  • java-11-openjdk Rocky Linux 8 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el8
  • java-11-openjdk Rocky Linux 9 1:11.0.23.0.9-3.el9

rocky linux advisories RLSA-2024:1818RLSA-2024:1822

  • openjdk8 Alpine 3.24, Alpine 3.23, Alpine 3.22 +2 more 8.422.05-r0
  • openjdk11 Alpine 3.24, Alpine 3.23, Alpine 3.22 +5 more 11.0.23_p9-r0

alpine advisories ALPINE-CVE-2024-21085

Alpine secdb © Alpine Linux, from https://secdb.alpinelinux.org via OSV; changed: normalised to fixed package versions per release. CC BY-SA 4.0

Vendor advisories

What the vendors themselves say about their products: affected, fixed or not affected, and what to do.

red hat product security vex CVE-2024-21085 updated cvss 3.7

OpenJDK: Pack200 excessive memory allocation (8322114)

  • Red Hat build of OpenJDK 1.8 Linux Linux, Windows Windows Red Hat build of OpenJDK 11 Linux Linux, Windows Windows
    affected: no fix available
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 java-1.6.0-openjdk, java-1.7.0-openjdk, java-1.8.0-openjdk, java-1.6.0-openjdk-src, java-1.7.0-openjdk-src, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src, +7 more
    affected: no fix planned “Out of support scope”
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 java-1.7.1-ibm, java-1.8.0-ibm, java-1.6.0-openjdk, java-1.7.0-openjdk, java-1.7.1-ibm-src, java-1.8.0-ibm-src, +14 more
    affected: no fix available, no fix planned “Out of support scope”
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 java-1.8.0-ibm, java-1.8.0-ibm-src, java-1.8.0-ibm-demo, java-1.8.0-ibm-jdbc, java-1.8.0-ibm-plugin, java-1.8.0-ibm-headless, +1 more
    affected: no fix available
  • Red Hat Build of OpenJDK 8u412
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:1815
  • Red Hat Build of OpenJDK 11.0.23
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:1820
  • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 8) java-11-openjdk-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-src-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-src-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el8, +20 more Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 9) java-11-openjdk-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-src-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-src-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el9, +18 more Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.8.6) java-11-openjdk-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, java-11-openjdk-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, java-11-openjdk-src-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, java-11-openjdk-src-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_6, +20 more Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.8.8) java-11-openjdk-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-src-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-src-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el8, +20 more Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.0) java-11-openjdk-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, java-11-openjdk-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, java-11-openjdk-src-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, java-11-openjdk-src-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el9_0, +18 more Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.2) java-11-openjdk-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-src-fastdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-src-slowdebug 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el9, +18 more
    +12 more products
    Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el8, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, +9 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el9, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, +8 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream AUS (v. 8.2) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, +9 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream AUS (v.8.4) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, +9 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v. 8.2) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, +9 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.8.4) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, +9 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.8.6) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_6, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_6, +9 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.8.8) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el8, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-3.el8, +9 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.0) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el9_0, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el9_0, +8 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-2.el9, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-3.el9, +8 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream TUS (v. 8.2) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_2, +9 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream TUS (v.8.4) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el8_4, +9 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:1818
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client (v. 7) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-headless 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, +5 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, +5 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-headless 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7) java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, +5 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) java-11-openjdk 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-headless 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9
    +1 more products
    Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 7) java-11-openjdk-src 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-demo 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-jmods 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-11-openjdk-javadoc 11.0.23.0.9-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.412.b08-1.el7_9, +5 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:1817
show 1 more
  • Red Hat build of OpenJDK 17 Linux Linux, Windows Windows Red Hat build of OpenJDK 21 Linux Linux, Windows Windows Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 java-17-openjdk, java-21-openjdk, java-17-openjdk-src, java-21-openjdk-src, java-17-openjdk-demo, java-21-openjdk-demo, +38 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 java-17-openjdk, java-21-openjdk, java-17-openjdk-src, java-21-openjdk-src, java-17-openjdk-demo, java-21-openjdk-demo, +38 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 java-21-openjdk
    not affected: vulnerable code not present

Red Hat CSAF VEX © Red Hat, Inc., from https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/; changed: reduced to product statuses and remediations. CC BY 4.0 · csaf

CISA SSVC

Exploitation
none
Automatable
no
Technical impact
partial
Assessed
2 y ago

Exploit prediction

1.29% chance of exploitation in the next 30 days, higher than 70% of all scored CVEs (FIRST EPSS, 2026-11-08).

CVSS scores

assigned by version score vector
CNA 3.1 3.7 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
OSV 3.1 3.7 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

Affected packages

ecosystem package affected fixed in
bitnami java
<1.8.0
>=1.9.0, <8.0.411
>=9.0.0, <11.0.23
1.8.0
8.0.411
11.0.23
bitnami java-min
<1.8.0
>=1.9.0, <8.0.411
>=9.0.0, <11.0.23
1.8.0
8.0.411
11.0.23
bitnami jre
<1.8.0
>=1.9.0, <8.0.411
>=9.0.0, <11.0.23
1.8.0
8.0.411
11.0.23

Affected products

  • Oracle Corporation Java SE JDK and JRE

References

Sources

Fencer Vulns keeps one entry per vulnerability: the CVE id wins, then GHSA, and records that alias each other are merged, except that two CVEs always keep separate entries. The same data is available as JSON.

CPEs and fixed versions use Anchore's correction of NVD's data: Added CPE configurations because not yet analyzed by NVD.