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Fencer Vulns
high 7.8

CVE-2026-53264 json

net/sched: act_api: use RCU with deferred freeing for action lifecycle

published 2026-06-25 4 mo ago modified 2026-10-15 25 d ago also EUVD-2026-39215

cvss
7.8
version 3.1, CNA
cisa kev
Not listed
not in CISA's catalog
epss
0.5%
EPSS 0.5% chance of exploitation in 30 days, percentile 42%
public exploits
0
none known

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

net/sched: act_api: use RCU with deferred freeing for action lifecycle

When NEWTFILTER and DELFILTER are run concurrently it is possible to create a race with an associated action.

Let's illustrate with CPU0 running NEWTFILTER and CPU1 running DELFILTER:

0: mutex_lock() <-- holds the idr lock 0: rcu_read_lock() 0: p = idr_find(idr, index) <-- action p is valid (RCU protects IDR) 0: mutex_unlock() <-- releases the idr lock 1: refcount_dec_and_mutex_lock() <-- refcnt 1->0, mutex held 1: idr_remove(idr, index) <-- Action removed from IDR 1: mutex_unlock() <-- mutex released allowing us to delete the action 1: tcf_action_cleanup(p); kfree(p) <-- Kfrees p immediately, no deferral 0: refcount_inc_not_zero(&p->tcfa_refcnt) <-- ouch, UAF p points to freed memory

This patch fixes the race condition between NEWTFILTER and DELFILTER by adding struct rcu_head to tc_action used in the deferral and introducing a call_rcu() in the delete path to defer the final kfree().

Note: this is a revert of commit d7fb60b9cafb ("net_sched: get rid of tcfa_rcu") but also modernization/simplification to directly use kfree_rcu().

Let's illustrate the new restored code path:

0: rcu_read_lock() 1: refcount_dec_and_mutex_lock() <-- refcnt 1->0, mutex held 1: idr_remove(idr, index) 1: mutex_unlock() 1: call_rcu(&p->tcfa_rcu, tcf_action_rcu_free) <-- defer kfree after grace period 0: p = idr_find(idr, index) 0: refcount_inc_not_zero(&p->tcfa_refcnt) <-- fails, refcnt already 0 1: rcu_read_unlock() <-- release so freeing can run after grace period

After CPU1 calls idr_remove(), the object is no longer reachable through the IDR. CPU0's subsequent idr_find() will return NULL, and even if it still held a stale pointer, the immediate kfree() is now deferred until after the RCU grace period, so no UAF can occur.

Patch / fix

  • Linux Linux 5.10.259, 5.15.210, 6.1.176, 6.6.143, 6.12.94, 6.18.36, 7.0.13, 7.1
  • linux Debian 12 6.1.176-1
  • linux Debian 13 6.12.94-1
  • linux Debian 14 7.0.13-1

debian advisories DEBIAN-CVE-2026-53264

  • linux Ubuntu 22.04 LTS 5.15.0-198.208
  • linux Ubuntu 24.04 LTS 6.8.0-146.146
  • linux Ubuntu 26.04 LTS 7.0.0-31.31
  • linux-aws Ubuntu 22.04 LTS 5.15.0-1117.124
  • linux-aws Ubuntu 24.04 LTS 6.8.0-1066.69
  • linux-aws Ubuntu 26.04 LTS 7.0.0-1012.12
  • linux-gcp Ubuntu 22.04 LTS 5.15.0-1118.128
  • linux-gcp Ubuntu 24.04 LTS 6.8.0-1070.78

ubuntu advisories UBUNTU-CVE-2026-53264

Ubuntu security data © Canonical Ltd., from https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-security-notices via OSV; changed: normalised to fixed package versions per release. CC BY-SA 4.0

  • kpatch-patch-6_12_0-211_16_1 RHEL 10.2 1-8.el10_2
  • kpatch-patch-5_14_0-687_10_1 RHEL 9 1-8.el9_8
  • kernel RHEL 9 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8
  • rv RHEL 9 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8
  • perf RHEL 9 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8
  • rtla RHEL 9 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8
  • libperf RHEL 9 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8
  • kernel-rt RHEL 9 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8

red hat advisories RHSA-2026:62641RHSA-2026:62642RHSA-2026:62639RHSA-2026:62640RHSA-2026:62638RHSA-2026:55445

  • kernel-64kb SLES 15 SP5-LTSS, SLE High Performance Computing 15 SP5-LTSS, SLE High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS 5.14.21-150500.55.189.1
  • kernel-syms SLES for SAP 15 SP5, SLES 15 SP5-LTSS, SLE High Performance Computing 15 SP5-LTSS +1 more 5.14.21-150500.55.189.1
  • kernel-source SLES for SAP 15 SP5, SLES 15 SP5-LTSS, SLE Micro 5.5 +2 more 5.14.21-150500.55.189.1
  • kernel-default SLES for SAP 15 SP5, SLES 15 SP5-LTSS, SLE Micro 5.5 +3 more 5.14.21-150500.55.189.1
  • kernel-obs-build SLES for SAP 15 SP5, SLES 15 SP5-LTSS, SLE High Performance Computing 15 SP5-LTSS +1 more 5.14.21-150500.55.189.1
  • kernel-default-base SLES for SAP 15 SP5, SLES 15 SP5-LTSS, SLE Micro 5.5 +2 more 5.14.21-150500.55.189.1.150500.6.87.4
  • kernel-64kb SLE Module for Basesystem 15 SP7 6.4.0-150700.53.81.1
  • kernel-syms SLE Module for Development Tools 15 SP7 6.4.0-150700.53.81.1

suse advisories SUSE-SU-2026:4595-1SUSE-SU-2026:4254-1SUSE-SU-2026:4369-1SUSE-SU-2026:4347-1SUSE-SU-2026:4284-1SUSE-SU-2026:23887-1

  • kernel-rt openSUSE Leap 16.0 6.12.0-160000.38.1
  • dtb-aarch64 openSUSE Leap 16.0 6.12.0-160000.38.1
  • kernel-64kb openSUSE Leap 16.0 6.12.0-160000.38.1
  • kernel-syms openSUSE Leap 16.0 6.12.0-160000.38.1
  • kernel-azure openSUSE Leap 16.0 6.12.0-160000.38.1
  • kernel-obs-qa openSUSE Leap 16.0 6.12.0-160000.38.1
  • kernel-source openSUSE Leap 16.0 6.12.0-160000.38.1
  • kernel-default openSUSE Leap 16.0 6.12.0-160000.38.1

opensuse advisories openSUSE-SU-2026:21910-1

  • kernel AlmaLinux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2
  • rv AlmaLinux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2
  • perf AlmaLinux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2
  • rtla AlmaLinux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2
  • libperf AlmaLinux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2
  • kernel-rt AlmaLinux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2
  • kernel-64k AlmaLinux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2
  • kernel-core AlmaLinux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2

almalinux advisories ALSA-2026:54343ALSA-2026:54443

  • kernel Rocky Linux 9 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8
  • kernel Rocky Linux 10 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2

rocky linux advisories RLSA-2026:54443RLSA-2026:54343

  • kernel Azure Linux 3.0 6.6.143.1-1

azure linux advisories AZL-90902

Azure Linux vulnerability data, Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation, from https://github.com/microsoft/AzureLinuxVulnerabilityData via OSV, under the MIT licence; changed: normalised to fixed package versions per release. MIT

Vendor advisories

What the vendors themselves say about their products: affected, fixed or not affected, and what to do.

red hat product security vex CVE-2026-53264 updated cvss 7.0

kernel: net/sched: act_api: use RCU with deferred freeing for action lifecycle

  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 kernel-rt, kernel-rt-kvm, kernel-rt-core, kernel-rt-modules, kernel-rt-debug-kvm, kernel-rt-debug-core, +6 more
    affected: no fix planned “Will not fix”
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 kernel-rt, kernel-rt-kvm, kernel-rt-core, kernel-rt-modules, kernel-rt-debug-kvm, kernel-rt-debug-core, +12 more
    affected: no fix available
  • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.6) libperf 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-debuginfo-common-s390x 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-debuginfo-common-aarch64 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-debuginfo-common-ppc64le 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:53990
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) rv 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, perf 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, rtla 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, python3-perf 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-devel-matched 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-64k-devel-matched 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, +7 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54443
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 10) rv 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, perf 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, rtla 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, python3-perf 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-devel-matched 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-64k-devel-matched 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, +7 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54343
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.2) perf 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, rtla 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, kernel-devel-matched 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-devel-matched 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, kernel-debug-devel-matched 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, kernel-debuginfo-common-s390x 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, +5 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54515
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.4) rv 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, perf 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, rtla 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-devel-matched 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-devel-matched 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-debug-devel-matched 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, +6 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54482
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v. 10.0) rv 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, perf 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, rtla 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, python3-perf 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-devel-matched 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-64k-devel-matched 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, +7 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:55445
show 23 more
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.6) rv 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, perf 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, rtla 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, python3-perf 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-devel-matched 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-64k-devel-matched 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, +7 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:53990
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9) kernel 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-64k 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-core 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-tools 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-modules 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-64k-core 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, +28 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54443
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 10) kernel 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-64k 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-core 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-tools 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-modules 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-64k-core 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, +29 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54343
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.2) bpftool 7.0.0-284.187.1.el9_2, kernel 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, kernel-64k 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, kernel-core 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, kernel-tools 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, python3-perf 5.14.0-284.187.1.el9_2, +33 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54515
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.4) bpftool 7.3.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-64k 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-core 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-tools 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, python3-perf 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, +33 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54482
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v. 10.0) kernel 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-64k 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-core 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-tools 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-modules 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-64k-core 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, +27 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:55445
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.9.6) kernel 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-64k 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-core 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-tools 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-modules 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-64k-core 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, +32 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:53990
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 9) libperf 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-debuginfo-common-s390x 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-debuginfo-common-aarch64 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-debuginfo-common-ppc64le 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54443
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 10) libperf 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-debuginfo-common-s390x 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-debuginfo-common-aarch64 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-debuginfo-common-ppc64le 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54343
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v. 10.0) libperf 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-debuginfo-common-s390x 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-debuginfo-common-aarch64 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-debuginfo-common-ppc64le 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:55445
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time (v. 9) kernel-rt 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-64k 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-core 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-modules 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-64k-core 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-debug-core 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, +14 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54443
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time (v. 10) kernel-rt 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-64k 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-core 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-modules 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-64k-core 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-debug-core 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, +14 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54343
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.2) kernel-rt 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-core 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-modules 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-core 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-modules-core 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-modules 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:55443
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.4) kernel-rt 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-core 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-modules 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-core 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-modules-core 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-modules 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54482
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time EUS (v. 10.0) kernel-rt 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-64k 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-core 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-modules 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-64k-core 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-debug-core 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, +14 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:55445
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time EUS (v.9.6) kernel-rt 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-64k 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-core 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-modules 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-64k-core 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-debug-core 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, +14 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:53990
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV (v. 9) kernel-rt 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-core 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-modules 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-debug-core 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-modules-core 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, kernel-rt-debug-modules 5.14.0-687.39.1.el9_8, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54443
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV (v. 10) kernel-rt 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-core 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-modules 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-debug-core 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-modules-core 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, kernel-rt-debug-modules 6.12.0-211.47.1.el10_2, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54343
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV E4S (v.9.2) kernel-rt 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-kvm 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-core 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-modules 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-kvm 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-core 5.14.0-284.187.1.rt14.472.el9_2, +6 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:55443
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV E4S (v.9.4) kernel-rt 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-kvm 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-core 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-modules 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-kvm 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-core 5.14.0-427.144.1.el9_4, +6 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:54482
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV EUS (v. 10.0) kernel-rt 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-kvm 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-core 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-modules 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-debug-kvm 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-debug-core 6.12.0-55.98.1.el10_0, +6 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:55445
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV EUS (v.9.6) kernel-rt 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-kvm 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-core 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-modules 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-debug-kvm 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-debug-core 5.14.0-570.134.1.el9_6, +6 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2026:53990
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 perf, kernel, python-perf, kernel-kdump, kernel-firmware, kernel-bootwrapper, +1 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 perf, kernel, bpftool, kernel-rt, python-perf, kernel-kdump, +8 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 perf, kernel, bpftool, kernel-core, kernel-tools, python3-perf, +17 more
    not affected: vulnerable code not present

Red Hat CSAF VEX © Red Hat, Inc., from https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/; changed: reduced to product statuses and remediations. CC BY 4.0 · csaf

cisa ICSA-26-295-16 updated cvss 7.8

Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP

  • Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem
    affected: mitigation, no fix available

Facts from CISA's republication of the vendor's own advisory (CSAF); the linked advisory is the authoritative source. CISA notification · csaf

CISA SSVC

Exploitation
Proof of concept is public
Automatable
no
Technical impact
total
Assessed
3 mo ago

Exploit prediction

0.48% chance of exploitation in the next 30 days, higher than 42% of all scored CVEs (FIRST EPSS, 2026-11-08).

Exploits and checks

  • starlabs.sg https://starlabs.sg/blog/2026/07-when-ai-makes-0-days-feel-like-n-days/ referenced PoC, tagged "exploit" by a source, unverified

CVSS scores

assigned by version score vector
CNA 3.1 7.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Affected products

  • Linux Linux
  • Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem

Classification

Weakness
Technology feeds

References

Sources

Fencer Vulns keeps one entry per vulnerability: the CVE id wins, then GHSA, and records that alias each other are merged, except that two CVEs always keep separate entries. The same data is available as JSON.