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Fencer Vulns
medium 5.3

CVE-2023-22067 json

Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: CORBA).

published 2023-10-17 3 y ago modified 2026-09-08 2 mo ago also BIT-java-2023-22067 , BIT-java-min-2023-22067 , BIT-jre-2023-22067 , EUVD-2023-26232

cvss
5.3
version 3.1, CNA
cisa kev
Not listed
not in CISA's catalog
epss
1.1%
EPSS 1.1% chance of exploitation in 30 days, percentile 64%
public exploits
0
none known

Summary

Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: CORBA). Supported versions that are affected are Oracle Java SE: 8u381, 8u381-perf; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 20.3.11 and 21.3.7. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via CORBA to compromise Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition accessible data. Note: This vulnerability can only be exploited by supplying data to APIs in the specified Component without using Untrusted Java Web Start applications or Untrusted Java applets, such as through a web service. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 5.3 (Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N).

Patch / fix

  • bitnami java 1.8.0, 8.0.391
  • bitnami java-min 1.8.0, 8.0.391
  • bitnami jre 1.8.0, 8.0.391
  • oracle graalvm_enterprise 20.3.12, 21.3.8
  • oracle java_se 1.8.0_391, 8.0.391
  • oracle jdk 1.8.0_391, 8.0.391
  • oracle jre 1.8.0_391, 8.0.391
  • sun java 1.8.0_391, 8.0.391
  • sun java_se 1.8.0_391, 8.0.391
  • sun jdk 1.8.0_391, 8.0.391
  • sun jre 1.8.0_391, 8.0.391
  • oracle openjdk 1.8.0_392, 8.0.392
  • sun openjdk 1.8.0_392, 8.0.392
  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu 20.04 LTS 8u392-ga-1~20.04
  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS 8u392-ga-1~22.04
  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS 8u392-ga-1~16.04
  • openjdk-8 Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS 8u392-ga-1~18.04

ubuntu advisories UBUNTU-CVE-2023-22067

Ubuntu security data © Canonical Ltd., from https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-security-notices via OSV; changed: normalised to fixed package versions per release. CC BY-SA 4.0

  • java-1.8.0-openjdk RHEL 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-src RHEL 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo RHEL 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc RHEL 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless RHEL 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug RHEL 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug RHEL 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip RHEL 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8

red hat advisories RHSA-2023:5729RHSA-2023:5730RHSA-2023:5731RHSA-2023:5732RHSA-2023:5728RHSA-2023:5733

  • java-1_8_0-ibm SLES for SAP 12 SP5, SLES 12 SP5, SLE Software Development Kit 12 SP5 1.8.0_sr8.15-30.117.1
  • java-1_8_0-openj9 SLE Module for Package Hub 15 SP5, openSUSE Leap 15.5, openSUSE Leap 15.4 1.8.0.392-150200.3.39.1
  • java-1_8_0-ibm SLES for SAP 15 SP3, SLES for SAP 15 SP2, SLES for SAP 15 SP1 +10 more 1.8.0_sr8.15-150000.3.83.1
  • java-1_8_0-openjdk SLES for SAP 12 SP5, SLES 12 SP5 1.8.0.392-27.93.1
  • java-1_8_0-openjdk SLES for SAP 15 SP3, SLES for SAP 15 SP2, SLES for SAP 15 SP1 +10 more 1.8.0.392-150000.3.85.1

suse advisories SUSE-SU-2023:4614-1SUSE-SU-2023:4612-1SUSE-SU-2023:4572-1SUSE-SU-2023:4507-1SUSE-SU-2023:4506-1

  • java-1_8_0-openjdk openSUSE Tumbleweed 1.8.0.392-1.1
  • java-1_8_0-openj9 openSUSE Tumbleweed 1.8.0.392-1.1

opensuse advisories openSUSE-SU-2024:13421-1openSUSE-SU-2024:13457-1

  • java-1.8.0-openjdk AlmaLinux 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-src AlmaLinux 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo AlmaLinux 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc AlmaLinux 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless AlmaLinux 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug AlmaLinux 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug AlmaLinux 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8
  • java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip AlmaLinux 8 1:1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8

almalinux advisories ALSA-2023:5731ALSA-2023:5733

  • openjdk8 Alpine 3.24, Alpine 3.23, Alpine 3.22 +7 more 8.392.08-r0

alpine advisories ALPINE-CVE-2023-22067

Alpine secdb © Alpine Linux, from https://secdb.alpinelinux.org via OSV; changed: normalised to fixed package versions per release. CC BY-SA 4.0

Vendor advisories

What the vendors themselves say about their products: affected, fixed or not affected, and what to do.

red hat product security vex CVE-2023-22067 updated cvss 5.3

OpenJDK: IOR deserialization issue in CORBA (8303384)

  • Red Hat build of OpenJDK 1.8 Linux Linux, Windows Windows
    affected: no fix available
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 java-1.6.0-openjdk, java-1.7.0-openjdk, java-1.8.0-openjdk, java-1.6.0-openjdk-src, java-1.7.0-openjdk-src, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src, +7 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 java-1.7.1-ibm, java-1.6.0-openjdk, java-1.7.0-openjdk, java-1.7.1-ibm-src, java-1.7.1-ibm-demo, java-1.7.1-ibm-jdbc, +9 more
    affected: no fix planned “Out of support scope”
  • Red Hat Build of OpenJDK 8u392
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5725
  • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.8.6) java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, +6 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5730
  • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.0) java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5732
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5731
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5733
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream AUS (v. 8.2) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5728
show 20 more
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream AUS (v.8.4) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5729
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v. 8.1) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_1, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_1, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_1, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_1, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_1, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_1, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5727
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v. 8.2) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5728
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.8.4) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5729
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.8.6) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_6, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5730
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.0) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el9_0
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5732
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream TUS (v. 8.2) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_2, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5728
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream TUS (v.8.4) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el8_4, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5729
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client (v. 7) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-accessibility 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5761
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Supplementary (v. 7) java-1.8.0-ibm 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-src 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-demo 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-jdbc 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-plugin 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:0879
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-accessibility 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5761
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Supplementary (v. 7) java-1.8.0-ibm 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-src 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-demo 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:0879
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 8) java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-4.el8, +6 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5731
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 9) java-1.8.0-openjdk-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-src-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo-fastdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo-slowdebug 1.8.0.392.b08-3.el9, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5733
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7) java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-accessibility 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5761
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Supplementary (v. 7) java-1.8.0-ibm 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-src 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-demo 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-jdbc 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-plugin 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:0879
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Supplementary (v. 8) java-1.8.0-ibm 1.8.0.8.15-1.el8_9, java-1.8.0-ibm-src 1.8.0.8.15-1.el8_9, java-1.8.0-ibm-demo 1.8.0.8.15-1.el8_9, java-1.8.0-ibm-jdbc 1.8.0.8.15-1.el8_9, java-1.8.0-ibm-plugin 1.8.0.8.15-1.el8_9, java-1.8.0-ibm-headless 1.8.0.8.15-1.el8_9, +1 more
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:0866
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) java-1.8.0-openjdk 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 7) java-1.8.0-openjdk-src 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-demo 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-javadoc-zip 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9, java-1.8.0-openjdk-accessibility 1.8.0.392.b08-2.el7_9
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2023:5761
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Supplementary (v. 7) java-1.8.0-ibm 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-src 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-demo 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-jdbc 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7, java-1.8.0-ibm-plugin 1.8.0.8.15-1jpp.1.el7
    fixed: vendor fix RHSA-2024:0879
  • Red Hat build of OpenJDK 11 Linux Linux, Windows Windows Red Hat build of OpenJDK 17 Linux Linux, Windows Windows Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 java-11-openjdk, java-11-openjdk-src, java-11-openjdk-demo, java-11-openjdk-jmods, java-11-openjdk-javadoc, java-11-openjdk-headless, +2 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 java-11-openjdk, java-17-openjdk, java-21-openjdk, java-11-openjdk-src, java-17-openjdk-src, java-21-openjdk-src, +60 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 java-11-openjdk, java-17-openjdk, java-21-openjdk, java-11-openjdk-src, java-17-openjdk-src, java-21-openjdk-src, +60 more
    not affected: vulnerable code not present

Red Hat CSAF VEX © Red Hat, Inc., from https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/; changed: reduced to product statuses and remediations. CC BY 4.0 · csaf

CISA SSVC

Exploitation
none
Automatable
yes
Technical impact
partial
Assessed
16 mo ago

Exploit prediction

1.05% chance of exploitation in the next 30 days, higher than 64% of all scored CVEs (FIRST EPSS, 2026-11-08).

CVSS scores

assigned by version score vector
CNA 3.1 5.3 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
OSV 3.1 5.3 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N

Affected packages

ecosystem package affected fixed in
bitnami java
<1.8.0
>=1.9.0, <8.0.391
1.8.0
8.0.391
bitnami java-min
<1.8.0
>=1.9.0, <8.0.391
1.8.0
8.0.391
bitnami jre
<1.8.0
>=1.9.0, <8.0.391
1.8.0
8.0.391

Affected products

  • Oracle Corporation Java SE JDK and JRE

Classification

Weakness

References

Sources

Fencer Vulns keeps one entry per vulnerability: the CVE id wins, then GHSA, and records that alias each other are merged, except that two CVEs always keep separate entries. The same data is available as JSON.

CPEs and fixed versions use Anchore's correction of NVD's data: Improves CPE configurations and affected version ranges.